What process involves constructing perceptions based on experience and expectations?

The process of constructing perceptions based on experience and expectations is known as top-down processing. This cognitive approach involves using pre-existing knowledge, beliefs, and experiences to interpret sensory information. For example, when you read a sentence, your brain uses your understanding of language and context to predict what word might come next, helping you to quickly make sense of the information.

Top-down processing contrasts with bottom-up processing, which focuses on understanding experiences purely from the sensory data rather than from previous knowledge. In essence, top-down processing emphasizes the role of the brain in shaping perceptions rather than relying solely on incoming stimuli.

Transduction refers to the conversion of sensory input into neural signals but does not involve the interpretation of those signals. Signal detection theory deals with the ability to discern between information-bearing patterns and random noise but does not involve the constructive nature of perception based on past experiences and expectations.