What is a change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information called?

A change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information is called a mutation. Mutations can happen through various processes, such as errors during DNA replication or due to external factors like radiation or chemicals. These changes can lead to alterations in amino acid sequences during protein synthesis, potentially affecting an organism's traits, functionality, or health.

The term "gene" refers to a specific sequence of DNA that codes for a protein or functional RNA but does not inherently encompass the idea of change or alteration. "Chromosome" denotes the structure that holds genes and is made up of DNA; it is a larger organizational unit than a single gene or a mutation. An "allele" refers to different versions of a gene that may exist at a specific locus on a chromosome, but it does not signify a direct change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, mutation is the most accurate term for describing a change in the DNA sequence that impacts genetic information.